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Saliva has proven to be an easy to collect and reliable sample source for many biological studies. In some cases, it is even superior to other body fluids for measuring biomarker levels. This section lists references for those wishing additional information on the utility of saliva testing.

“Salivary levels of steroid hormones and other analytes that are protein bound in serum reflect the unbound and active concentration of the hormone. Saliva can be used as a diagnostic specimen not only to obtain information more inexpensively and efficiently than serum, but also to provide information not readily available from serum testing.”

Hofman LF. Human saliva as a diagnostic specimen. J Nutr. 2001;131(5):1621S-5S. doi: 10.1093/jn/131.5.1621S.

“Although saliva has not yet become a mainstream sample source for hormone analysis, it has proven to be reliable and, in some cases, even superior to other body fluids.”

Gröschl M. Current status of salivary hormone analysis. Clin Chem. 2008;54(11):1759-69. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.108910.

“Saliva offers a promising diagnostic alternative, compared to blood sampling, for screening for inflammatory, metabolic, and cardiovascular risk factors particularly among pediatric and geriatric populations where blood sampling may be difficult.”

Desai GS, Mathews ST. Saliva as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for inflammation and insulin-resistance. World J Diabetes. 2014;5(6):730-8. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i6.730.

“Late-night salivary cortisol measurements provide a sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome of more than 90%, and this procedure is emerging as possibly the simplest and most effective screening tool for patients in whom the diagnosis of hypercotisolism is suspected”.

Gardner D, Shoback D, eds. Greenspan’s Basic & Clinical Endocrinology. 8th ed. San Francisco, CA: McGraw Hill; 2007:364.

The Endocrine Society recommends late-night salivary cortisol (two measurements) as one possible initial test for Cushing’s syndrome (along with urine free cortisol and dexamethasone suppression testing).

Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(5):1526-40.

The following links will direct you to the abstract summary of the articles listed. These articles are obtained from the U.S. National Library of Medicine and National Institutes of Health.

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General

The physiological role of hormones in saliva.

Gröschl M. – Bioessays. 2009 Aug;31(8):843-52.
Current status of salivary hormone analysis.

Gröschl M. – Clin Chem 2008; 54:11 1759-1769.
Steroid Analysis in Saliva: An overview.

Lewis JG. – Clin Biochem Rev. 2006 Aug;27(3):139-46.
Human Saliva as a Diagnostic Specimen.

Hofman, LF. – Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131:1621S-1625S.
A Revolution in Biomedical Assessment: The Development of Salivary Diagnostics.

Tabak, LA. – J Dent Educ. 2001; Vol. 65(12): 1335-1339.
Steroid hormone analysis in human saliva.

Quissell D. – Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993;694:143-145.
Saliva as a medium for chronobiological studies: its particular potential in steroid endocrinology.

Wilson DW, Walker RF, Griffiths K. – Ann Ist Super Sanita. 1993;29(4):607-11.
Steroid analysis in saliva for the assessment of endocrine function.

Read GF, Walker RF, Wilson DW, Griffiths K. – Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1990;595:260-74.
Chronobiology in laboratory medicine: principles and clinical applications illustrated from measurements of neutral steroids in saliva.

Walker RF, Read GF, Wilson DW, Riad-Fahmy D, Griffiths K. – Prog Clin Biol Res. 1990;341A:105-17.
The measurement of hormones in saliva: possibilities and pitfalls.

Vining RF, McGinley RA. – J Steroid Biochem. 1987;27(1-3):81-94.
Hormones in saliva.

Vining RF, McGinley RA. – Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 1986;23(2):95-146.
Hormones in saliva: mode of entry and consequent implications for clinical interpretation.

Vining RF, McGinley RA, Symons RG. – Clin Chem 1983;29:1752-1756.
Salivary steroid assays for assessing variation in endocrine activity.

Riad-Fahmy D, Read GF, Walker RF. – J Steroid Biochem 1983;19:265-272.

Aldosterone

Assessment of adrenal function by measurement of salivary steroids in response to corticotrophin in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

Cardoso E, Persi G, González N, Tumilasci O, Arregger A, Burgos M, Rodríguez V, Molina A, Contreras LN. – Steroids. 2007 Apr;72(4):328-34.
A new less-invasive and more informative low-dose ACTH test: salivary steroids in response to intramuscular corticotrophin.

Contreras LN, Arregger AL, Persi GG, Gonzalez NS, Cardoso EM. – Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004 Dec;61(6):675-82.

Androstenedione

Lack of diurnal variation in plasma levels of androstenedione, testosterone, estrone and estradiol in postmenopausal women.

Lonning PE, Dowsett M, Jacobs S, Schem B, Hardy J, Powles TJ. – Journal Steroid Biochem. 1989;34(1-6):551-3.
Androstenedione rhythms in saliva in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Young MC, Walker RF, Riad-Fahmy D, Hughes IA. – Arch Dis Child 1988;63:624-628.
Plasma and salivary androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone in women with hyperandrogenism.

Baxendale PM, Jacobs HS, James VH. – Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1983 May;18(5):447-57.
Testosterone and androstenedione in the saliva of patients with Klinefelter’s Syndrome.

Wellen JJ, Smals AG, Rijken JC, Kloppenborg PW, Benraad TJ. – Clin Endocrinol 1983;18:51-59.

Antigliadin Antibody IgA

Serum and salivary antigliadin antibodies and serum IgA anti-endomysium antibodies as a screening test for coeliac disease.

Rujner J, Socha J, Barra E, Gregorek H, Madaliński K, Woźniewicz B, Giera B. – Acta Paediatr. 1996 Jul;85(7):814-7.
Salivary IgA antigliadin antibody as a marker for coeliac disease.

Hakeem V, Fifield R, al-Bayaty HF, Aldred MJ, Walker DM, Williams J, Jenkins HR. – Arch Dis Child. 1992 Jun;67(6):724-7.

Cortisol

Salivary cortisol assays for assessing pituitary-adrenal reserve.

Peters JR, Walker RF, Riad-Fahmy D, Hall R. – Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1982 Dec;17(6):583-92.
Out-patient screening for Cushing’s syndrome: the sensitivity of the combination of circadian rhythm and overnight dexamethasone suppression salivary cortisol tests.

Castro M, Elias PC, Quidute AR, Halah FP, Moreira AC. – J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Mar;84(3):878-82.
Salivary cortisol for screening of Cushing’s syndrome in children.

Martinelli CE Jr, Sader SL, Oliveira EB, Daneluzzi JC, Moreira AC. – Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Jul;51(1):67-71.
Salivary cortisol as a tool for physiological studies and diagnostic strategies.

Castro M, Elias PC, Martinelli CE Jr, Antonini SR, Santiago L, Moreira AC. – Braz J Med Biol Res. 2000 Oct;33(10):1171-5.
Saliva as a Medium for Investigating Intra- and Interindividual Differences in Sex Hormone Levels in Premenopausal Women.

Peter H. Gann, Susan Giovanazzi, Linda Van Horn, Amy Branning and Robert T. Chatterton, Jr. – Can Ep Biomarkers & Prevention Vol. 10, 59-64, January 2001
Relationship between salivary progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and cortisol levels throughout the normal menstrual cycle of healthy postmenarcheal girls.

Gröschl M, Rauh M, Schmid P, Dörr HG. – Fertility and Sterility September 2001; Volume 76, Issue 3, Pages 615-617.
Reference values for morning salivary cortisol concentrations in healthy school-aged children.

Törnhage CJ. – J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Feb;15(2):197-204.
Effect of exercise at three exercise intensities on salivary cortisol.

Jacks DE, Sowash J, Anning J, McGloughlin T, Andres F. – J Strength Cond Res. 2002 May;16(2):286-9.
Measurement of steroid levels in saliva in a population-based survey of lifestyle, medical conditions, marriage, sex life and hormone status in aging men: a feasibility study.

Krause W, Mueller U, Mazur A. – Aging Male. 2002 Dec;5(4):203-15.
Midnight salivary cortisol versus urinary free and midnight serum cortisol as screening tests for Cushing’s syndrome.

Putignano P, Toja P, Dubini A, Pecori Giraldi F, Corsello SM, Cavagnini F. – J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Sep;88(9):4153-7.
Quantifying blood leakage into the oral mucosa and its effects on the measurement of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone in saliva.

Kivlighan KT, Granger DA, Schwartz EB, Nelson V, Curran M, Shirtcliff EA. – Horm Behav. 2004 Jun;46(1):39-46.
Elevated salivary dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate but normal cortisol levels in medicated depressed patients: preliminary findings.

Assies J, Visser I, Nicolson NA, Eggelte TA, Wekking EM, Huyser J, Lieverse R, Schene AH. – Psychiatry Res. 2004 Sep 30;128(2):117-22.
A new less-invasive and more informative low-dose ACTH test: salivary steroids in response to intramuscular corticotrophin.

Contreras LN, Arregger AL, Persi GG, Gonzalez NS, Cardoso EM. – Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2004 Dec;61(6):675-82.
Long-term stability of salivary cortisol.

Garde AH, Hansen AM. – Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2005;65(5):433-6.
Salivary cortisol measurement–a reliable method for the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome.

Trilck M, Flitsch J, Lüdecke DK, Jung R, Petersenn S. – Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2005 Apr;113(4):225-30.
Determinants of salivary cortisol levels in 10-12 year old children; a population-based study of individual differences.

Rosmalen JG, Oldehinkel AJ, Ormel J, de Winter AF, Buitelaar JK, Verhulst FC. -Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2005 Jun;30(5):483-95.
The morning salivary cortisol response in burnout.

Grossi G, Perski A, Ekstedt M, Johansson T, Lindström M, Holm K. – J Psychosom Res. 2005 Aug;59(2):103-11.
Alterations in diurnal salivary cortisol rhythm in a population-based sample of cases with chronic fatigue syndrome.

Nater UM, Youngblood LS, Jones JF, Unger ER, Miller AH, Reeves WC, Heim C. – Psychosom Med. 2008 Apr;70(3):298-305.
Light affects morning salivary cortisol in humans.

Scheer FA, Buijs RM. – J Clin Endocrinol 1999;84:3395-3398.
The effect of stress on salivary cortisol in panic disorder patients.

Stones A, Groome D, Perry D, Hucklebridge F, Evans P. – J Affect Disorders 1999;52:197-201.
Salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer.

Read GF, Wilson DW, Campbell FC, Holliday HW, Blamey RW, Griffiths K. – Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1983;19:477-483.
Salivary cortisol: a better measure of adrenal cortical function than serum cortisol.

Vining RF, McGinley RA, Maksvytis JJ, Ho KY. – Ann Clin Biochem. 1983 Nov;20 (Pt 6):329-35.
Effect of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on saliva cortisol concentrations.

Williams H, Read G F, Verrier-Jones E R, et al. – Arch Dis Child 1984 59: 553-556
Diurnal salivary cortisol patterns during pregnancy and after delivery: relationship to plasma corticotrophinreleasing hormone.

Allolio B, Hoffmann J, Linton EA, Winkelmann W, Kusche M, Schulte HM. – Clin Endocrinol 1990;33:279-289.
Clinical applications of salivary cortisol measurements.

Lo MS, Ng ML, Azmy BS, Khalid BA. – Sing Med J 1992;33:170.
The effect of exercise training on salivary immunoglobulin A and cortisol responses to maximal exercise.

McDowell SL, Hughes RA, Hughes RJ, Housh TJ, Johnson GO. – Int J Sports Med. 1992 Nov;13(8):577-80.
Simultaneous measurement of cortisol in serum and saliva after different forms of cortisol administration.

Tunn S, Mollmann H, Barth J, Derendorf H, Krieg M. – Clin Chem 1992;38:1491-1494.
Cortisol in saliva-reference ranges and relation to cortisol in serum.

Aardal E, Holm AC. – Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1995;33:927-932.
Overnight dexamethasone suppression test: comparison of plasma and salivary cortisol measurement for the screening of Cushing’s syndrome.

Barrou Z, Guiban D, Maroufi A, Fournier C, Dugue MA, Luton JP, Thomopoulos P. – Eur J Endocrin 1996;134:93-96.
Adrenal secretion during major depression in 8- to 16-year-olds, I. Altered diurnal rhythms in salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) at presentation.

Goodyer IM, Herbert J, Altham PM, Pearson J, Secher SM, Shiers HM. – Psychol Med. 1996 Mar;26(2):245-56.
Assessing salivary cortisol in studies of child development.

Schwartz EB, Granger DA, Susman EJ, Gunnar MR, Laird B. – Child Dev 1998;69:1503-1513.
Late-night salivary cortisol as a screening test for Cushing’s Syndrome.

Raff H, Raff JL, Findling JW. – J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2681-2686.
Adrenal steroid secretion and major depression in 8- to 16-year-olds, III. Influence of cortisol/DHEA ratio at presentation on subsequent rates of disappointing life events and persistent major depression.

Goodyer IM, Herbert J, Altham PM. – Psychol Med. 1998 Mar;28(2):265-73.
Salivary cortisol and alternative to serum cortisol determinations in dynamic function tests.

Aardal-Eriksson E, Karlberg BE, Holm AC. – Clin Chem Lab Med. 1998 Apr;36(4):215-22.
The relationship between salivary cortisol concentrations in frozen versus mailed samples.

Clements AD, Parker CR. – Psychoneuroendocrinol 1998;23:613-616.
Saliva as a fluid for measurement of estradiol levels.

Voss HF. – Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:S226-231.
Adrenal steroid dysregulation in dystrophia myotonica.

Johansson A, Henriksson A, Olofsson BO, Olsson T. – J Int Med 1999;245:345-351.
Alterations in saliva steroid hormone levels after oral mifepristone administration in women with pregnancies of greater than 41 weeks gestation.

Fassett MJ, Lachelin GC, McGarrigle HH, Wing DA. – Reprod Sci. 2008 Apr;15(4):394-9.
The diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.

Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, Newell-Price J, Savage MO, Stewart PM, Montori VM. – J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 May;93(5):1526-40.
Diagnostic value of salivary cortisol in end stage renal disease.

Arregger AL, Cardoso EM, Tumilasci O, Contreras LN. – Steroids. 2008 Jan;73(1):77-82. Epub 2007 Sep 11.
Approach to the patient with possible Cushing’s syndrome.

Boscaro M, Arnaldi G. – J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Sep;94(9):3121-31.
Utility of salivary cortisol measurements in Cushing’s syndrome and adrenal insufficiency.

Raff H. – J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;94(10):3647-55. Epub 2009 Jul 14.
Cushing’s disease.

Bertagna X, Guignat L, Groussin L, Bertherat J. – Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Oct;23(5):607-23.
A striking pattern of cortisol non-responsiveness to psychosocial stress in patients with panic disorder with concurrent normal cortisol awakening responses.

Petrowski K, Herold U, Joraschky P, Wittchen HU, Kirschbaum C. – Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Nov 11.
The effect of anaerobic exercise on salivary cortisol, testosterone and immunoglobulin (A) in boys aged 15-16 years.

Thomas NE, Leyshon A, Hughes MG, Davies B, Graham M, Baker JS. – Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009 Nov;107(4):455-61.
Late-night and low-dose dexamethasone-suppressed cortisol in saliva and serum for the diagnosis of cortisol-secreting adrenal adenomas.

Deutschbein T, Unger N, Hinrichs J, Walz MK, Mann K, Petersenn S. – Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Nov;161(5):747-53.
Early and late life events and salivary cortisol in older persons.

Gerritsen L, Geerlings MI, Beekman AT, Deeg DJ, Penninx BW, Comijs HC. – Psychol Med. 2009 Nov 26:1-10.
Reduced basal salivary cortisol in children with asthma and allergic rhinitis.

Bakkeheim E, Mowinckel P, Carlsen K, Burney P, Lødrup Carlsen K. – Acta Paediatr. 2009 Nov 13.
Diagnosis of secondary adrenal insufficiency: unstimulated early morning cortisol in saliva and serum in comparison with the insulin tolerance test.

Deutschbein T, Unger N, Mann K, Petersenn S. – Horm Metab Res. 2009 Nov;41(11):834-9.
Pathogen burden and cortisol profiles over the day.

Steptoe A, Gylfe A, Shamaei-Tousi A, Bergstrom S, Henderson B. – Epidemiol Infect. 2009 Dec;137(12):1816-24.
Cutoff values of midnight salivary cortisol for the diagnosis of overt hypercortisolism are highly influenced by methods.

Beko G, Varga I, Glaz E, Sereg M, Feldman K, Toth M, Racz K, Patocs A. – Clin Chim Acta. 2009 Dec 5.
Salivary testosterone, cortisol, and progesterone: two-week stability, interhormone correlations, and effects of time of day, menstrual cycle, and oral contraceptive use on steroid hormone levels.

Liening SH, Stanton SJ, Saini EK, Schultheiss OC. – Physiol Behav. 2010 Jan 12;99(1):8-16.
Diagnosis of secondary adrenal insufficiency in patients with hypothalamic-pituitary disease: comparison between serum and salivary cortisol during the high-dose short synacthen test.

Deutschbein T, Unger N, Mann K, Petersenn S. – Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Jan;160(1):9-16.
Salivary cortisol for assessment of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function.

Törnhage CJ. – Neuroimmunomodulation. 2009;16(5):284-9.
The type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor tadalafil influences salivary cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate responses to maximal exercise in healthy men.

DiLuigi L, Baldari C, Sgrò P, Emerenziani GP, Gallotta MC, Bianchini S, Romanelli F, Pigozzi F, Lenzi A, Guidetti L. – J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Sep;93(9):3510-4.
Measurement and meaning of salivary cortisol: a focus on health and disease in children.

Jessop DS, Turner-Cobb JM. – Stress. 2008;11(1):1-14.
Advantage of salivary cortisol measurements in the diagnosis of glucocorticoid related disorders.

Restituto P, Galofré JC, Gil MJ, Mugueta C, Santos S, Monreal JI, Varo N. – Clin Biochem. 2008 Jun;41(9):688-92.
Salivary hormonal responses to resistance exercise in trained and untrained middle-aged men.

Lusa Cadore E, Lhullier FL, Arias Brentano M, Marczwski Da Silva E, Bueno Ambrosini M, Spinelli R, Ferrari Silva R, Martins Kruel LF. – J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2009 Sep;49(3):301-7.
Late-night salivary cortisol for the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome: a meta-analysis.

Carroll T, Raff H, Findling JW. – Endocr Pract. 2009 Jul-Aug;15(4):335-42.
Late-night salivary cortisol as a screening test for the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome in Japan.

Doi M, Sekizawa N, Tani Y, Tsuchiya K, Kouyama R, Tateno T, Izumiyama H, Yoshimoto T, Hirata Y. – Endocr J. 2008 Mar;55(1):121-6. Epub 2008 Jan 17.
Correlations between serum and salivary hormonal concentrations in response to resistance exercise.

Cadore E, Lhullier F, Brentano M, Silva E, Ambrosini M, Spinelli R, Silva R, Kruel L. – J Sports Sci. 2008 Aug;26(10):1067-72.
Blood contamination in children’s saliva: prevalence, stability, and impact on the measurement of salivary cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone.

Granger DA, Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA, Hibel LC, Teisl M, Flores E. – Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007 Jul;32(6):724-33.
Screening and diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome.

Castro M, Moreira AC. – Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2007 Nov;51(8):1191-8
Salivary cortisol and DHEA levels in the Korean population: age-related differences, diurnal rhythm, and correlations with serum levels.

Ahn RS, Lee YJ, Choi JY, Kwon HB, Chun SI. – Yonsei Med J. 2007 Jun 30;48(3):379-88.
Assessment of adrenal function by measurement of salivary steroids in response to corticotrophin in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

Cardoso E, Persi G, González N, Tumilasci O, Arregger A, Burgos M, Rodríguez V, Molina A, Contreras LN. – Steroids. 2007 Apr;72(4):328-34.
Salivary cortisol in adrenal diseases.

Løvås K, Husebye ES. – Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2007 Mar 15;127(6):730-2.
Absence of circadian salivary cortisol rhythm in women with anorexia nervosa.

dos Santos E, dos Santos JE, Ribeiro RP, Rosa E Silva AC, Moreira AC, Silva de Sá MF. – J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2007 Feb;20(1):13-8.
Relationship between salivary cortisol and progesterone levels in humans.

Wirth MM, Meier EA, Fredrickson BL, Schultheiss OC. – Biol Psychol. 2007 Jan;74(1):104-7
Diurnal salivary cortisol concentration in school-aged children: increased morning cortisol concentration and total cortisol concentration negatively correlated to body mass index in children with recurrent abdominal pain of psychosomatic origin.

Törnhage CJ, Alfvén G. – J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun;19(6):843-54.
Salivary cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEA-S) and testosterone in women with chronic migraine.

Patacchioli FR, Monnazzi P, Simeoni S, De Filippis S, Salvatori E, Coloprisco G, Martelletti P. – J Headache Pain. 2006 Apr;7(2):90-4.
Low-dose ACTH (1 microg) salivary test: a potential alternative to the classical blood test.

Marcus-Perlman Y, Tordjman K, Greenman Y, Limor R, Shenkerman G, Osher E, Stern N. -Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Feb;64(2):215-8.
Bacteria in the oral mucosa and its effects on the measurement of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone in saliva.

Whembolua GL, Granger DA, Singer S, Kivlighan KT, Marguin JA. – Horm Behav. 2006 Apr;49(4):478-83.
Reproducibility of nighttime salivary cortisol and its use in the diagnosis of hypercortisolism compared with urinary free cortisol and overnight dexamethasone suppression test.

Viardot A, Huber P, Puder JJ, Zulewski H, Keller U, Müller B. – J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Oct;90(10):5730-6.
Measurement of late-night salivary cortisol with an automated immunoassay system.

Vogeser M, Durner J, Seliger E, Auernhammer C. – Clin Chem Lab Med. 2006;44(12):1441-5.
Salivary cortisol determined by enzyme immunoassay is preferable to serum total cortisol for assessment of dynamic hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity.

Gozansky WS, Lynn JS, Laudenslager ML, Kohrt WM. – Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Sep;63(3):336-41.
Diurnal patterns of salivary cortisol across the adolescent period in healthy females.

Oskis A, Loveday C, Hucklebridge F, Thorn L, Clow A. – Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009 Apr;34(3):307-16.
Late-night salivary cortisol measurement in the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome.

Carroll T, Raff H, Findling JW. – Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jun;4(6):344-50.

Dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA and DHEA(s)]

Salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels in postmenopausal women with primary breast cancer.

Read GF, Wilson DW, Campbell FC, Holliday HW, Blamey RW, Griffiths K. – Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1983;19:477-483.
Androgen deficiency and defective intracrine processing of dehydroepiandrosterone in salivary glands in Sjögren’s syndrome.

Porola P, Virkki L, Przybyla BD, Laine M, Patterson TA, Pihakari A, Konttinen YT. – J Rheumatol. 2008 Nov;35(11):2229-35.
Healthy human salivary glands contain a DHEA-sulphate processing intracrine machinery, which is deranged in primary Sjögren’s syndrome.

Spaan M, Porola P, Laine M, Rozman B, Azuma M, Konttinen YT. – J Cell Mol Med. 2009 Jul;13(7):1261-70.
Salivary hormonal responses to resistance exercise in trained and untrained middle-aged men.

Lusa Cadore E, Lhullier FL, Arias Brentano M, Marczwski Da Silva E, Bueno Ambrosini M, Spinelli R, Ferrari Silva R, Martins Kruel LF. – J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2009 Sep;49(3):301-7.
Salivary sex hormone measurement in a national, population-based study of older adults.

Gavrilova N, Lindau ST. – J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2009 Nov;64 Suppl 1:i94-105.
Correlations between serum and salivary hormonal concentrations in response to resistance exercise.

Cadore E, Lhullier F, Brentano M, Silva E, Ambrosini M, Spinelli R, Silva R, Kruel L. – J Sports Sci. 2008 Aug;26(10):1067-72.
Blood contamination in children’s saliva: prevalence, stability, and impact on the measurement of salivary cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone.

Granger DA, Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA, Hibel LC, Teisl M, Flores E. – Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007 Jul;32(6):724-33.
Salivary cortisol and DHEA levels in the Korean population: age-related differences, diurnal rhythm, and correlations with serum levels.

Ahn RS, Lee YJ, Choi JY, Kwon HB, Chun SI. – Yonsei Med J. 2007 Jun 30;48(3):379-88.
Salivary cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEA-S) and testosterone in women with chronic migraine.

Patacchioli FR, Monnazzi P, Simeoni S, De Filippis S, Salvatori E, Coloprisco G, Martelletti P. – J Headache Pain. 2006 Apr;7(2):90-4.
Bacteria in the oral mucosa and its effects on the measurement of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone in saliva.

Whembolua GL, Granger DA, Singer S, Kivlighan KT, Marguin JA. – Horm Behav. 2006 Apr;49(4):478-83.
Elevated salivary dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate but normal cortisol levels in medicated depressed patients: preliminary findings.

Assies J, Visser I, Nicolson NA, Eggelte TA, Wekking EM, Huyser J, Lieverse R, Schene AH. – Psychiatry Res. 2004 Sep 30;128(2):117-22.
Quantifying blood leakage into the oral mucosa and its effects on the measurement of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone in saliva.

Kivlighan KT, Granger DA, Schwartz EB, Nelson V, Curran M, Shirtcliff EA. – Horm Behav. 2004 Jun;46(1):39-46.
Measurement of steroid levels in saliva in a population-based survey of lifestyle, medical conditions, marriage, sex life and hormone status in aging men: a feasibility study.

Krause W, Mueller U, Mazur A. – Aging Male. 2002 Dec;5(4):203-15.
Assessing dehydroepiandrosterone in saliva: a simple radioimmunoassay for use in studies of children, adolescents and adults.

Granger DA, Schwartz EB, Booth A, Curran M, Zakaria D. – Psychoneuroendocrinology 1999;24:567-579.
Adrenal steroid secretion and major depression in 8- to 16-year-olds, III. Influence of cortisol/DHEA ratio at presentation on subsequent rates of disappointing life events and persistent major depression.

Goodyer IM, Herbert J, Altham PM. – Psychol Med. 1998 Mar;28(2):265-73.
Adrenal secretion during major depression in 8- to 16-year-olds, I. Altered diurnal rhythms in salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) at presentation.

Goodyer IM, Herbert J, Altham PM, Pearson J, Secher SM, Shiers HM. – Psychol Med. 1996 Mar;26(2):245-56.
Steroid assays in saliva: a method to detect plasmatic contaminations.

Lac G, Lac N, Robert A. – Arch Int Physiol Biochim Biophys 1993;101:257-262.
Concentrations of total and free dehydroepiandrosterone in plasma and dehydroepiandrosterone in saliva of normal and hirsute women under basal conditions and during administration of dexamethasone/synthetic corticotropin.

Swinkels LM, Ross HA, Smals AG, Benraad TJ. – Clin Chem 1990;16:2042-2046.
The type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor tadalafil influences salivary cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate responses to maximal exercise in healthy men.

DiLuigi L, Baldari C, Sgrò P, Emerenziani GP, Gallotta MC, Bianchini S, Romanelli F, Pigozzi F, Lenzi A, Guidetti L. – J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2008 Sep;93(9):3510-4.

Follicle Stimulating (FSH) & Lutenizing (LH)

Salivary LH as an ovulation indicator: comparison between salivary LH, serum LH and ultrasonic findings.

Loewit K, Huber J, Ortlieb A, Kraft HG, Widhalm R, Wolfram G. – Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1987 Nov;47(11):800-2.
Age-related differences in serum gonadotropin (FSH and LH), salivary testosterone, and 17-beta estradiol levels among Ache Amerindian males of Paraguay.

Bribiescas RG. – Am J Phys Anthropol. 2005 May;127(1):114-21.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

The effect of exercise training on salivary immunoglobulin A and cortisol responses to maximal exercise.

McDowell SL, Hughes RA, Hughes RJ, Housh TJ, Johnson GO. – Int J Sports Med. 1992 Nov;13(8):577-80.
Gonadal steroids and salivary IgA in healthy young women and men.

Van Anders SM. – Am J Hum Biol. 2009 Oct 14.
Levels of parotid and submandibular/sublingual salivary immunoglobulin A in response to experimental gingivitis in humans.

Seemann R, Hägewald SJ, Sztankay V, Drews J, Bizhang M, Kage A. – Clin Oral Investig. 2004 Dec;8(4):233-7.
The effect of anaerobic exercise on salivary cortisol, testosterone and immunoglobulin (A) in boys aged 15-16 years.

Thomas NE, Leyshon A, Hughes MG, Davies B, Graham M, Baker JS. – Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009 Nov;107(4):455-61.

Melatonin

The correlation between serum and salivary melatonin concentrations and urinary 6-hydroxymelatonin sulphate excretion rates: two non-invasive techniques for monitoring human circadian rhythmicity.

Nowak R, McMillen IC, Redman J, Short RV. – Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1987 Oct;27(4):445-52.
Saliva as a valid alternative in monitoring melatonin concentrations in newborn infants.

Bagci S, Mueller A, Reinsberg J, Heep A, Bartmann P, Franz AR. – Early Hum Dev. 2009 Sep;85(9):595-8.
Alterations in the circadian rhythm of salivary melatonin begin during middle-age.

Zhou JN, Liu RY, van Heerikhuize J, Hofman MA, Swaab DF. – J Pineal Res. 2003 Jan;34(1):11-6.

Progesterone

Salivary testosterone, cortisol, and progesterone: two-week stability, interhormone correlations, and effects of time of day, menstrual cycle, and oral contraceptive use on steroid hormone levels.

Liening SH, Stanton SJ, Saini EK, Schultheiss OC. – Physiol Behav. 2010 Jan 12;99(1):8-16.
Blood contamination and the measurement of salivary progesterone and estradiol.

Kivlighan KT, Granger DA, Schwartz EB. –
The clinical usefulness of salivary progesterone measurement for the evaluation of the corpus luteum function.

Ishikawa M, Sengoku K, Tamate K, Takaoka Y, Kane M, Fottrell PF.
Characteristics of salivary profiles of oestradiol and progesterone in premenopausal women.

Chatterton RT Jr, Mateo ET, Hou N, Rademaker AW, Acharya S, Jordan VC, Morrow M.
Adequacy of saliva 17-hydroxyprogesterone determination using various collection methods.

Mylonas PG, Makri M, Georgopoulos NA, Theodoropoulou A, Leglise M, Vagenakis AG, Markou KB.
Saliva as a medium for investigating intra- and interindividual differences in sex hormone levels in premenopausal women.

Gann PH, Giovanazzi S, Van Horn L, Branning A, Chatterton RT Jr.
Relationship between salivary progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and cortisol levels throughout the normal menstrual cycle of healthy postmenarcheal girls.

Gröschl M, Rauh M, Schmid P, Dörr HG.
Salivary, but not serum or urinary levels of progesterone are elevated after topical application of progesterone cream to pre-and postmenopausal women.

O’Leary P, Feddema P, Chan K, Taranto M, Smith M, Evans S.
A study to evaluate serum and urinary hormone levels following short and long term administration of two regimens of progesterone cream in postmenopausal women.

Carey BJ, Carey AH, Patel S, Carter G, Studd JW.
Effect of sequential transdermal progesterone cream on endometrium, bleeding pattern, and plasma progesterone and salivary progesterone levels in postmenopausal women.

Wren B, McFarland K, Edwards L, O’Shea P, Sufi S et al.
Interpopulational differences in the concentrations and ratios of salivary and serum progesterone.

Chatterton RT Jr, Mateo ET, Lu D, Ling FJ. – Fertil Steril. 2006 Sep;86(3):723-5.
Control in congenital adrenal hyperplasia monitored by frequent saliva 17OH-progesterone measurements.

Hughes IA, Read GF. – Horm Res. 1984;19(2):77-85.
Progesterone and estradiol in the saliva and plasma during the menstrual cycle.

Choe JK, Khan-Dawood FS, Dawood MY. – Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;147:557-562.
Salivary sex hormone measurement in a national, population-based study of older adults.

Gavrilova N, Lindau ST. – J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2009 Nov;64 Suppl 1:i94-105.
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Salivary progesterone and estriol among pregnant women treated with 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate or placebo.

Klebanoff MA, Meis PJ, Dombrowski MP, Zhao Y, Moawad AH, Northen A, Sibai BM, Iams JD, Varner MW, Caritis SN, O’Sullivan MJ, Leveno KJ, Miodovnik M, Conway D, Wapner RJ, Carpenter M, Mercer BM, Ramin SM, Thorp JM, Peaceman AM; – Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 Nov;199(5):506.e1-7
Salivary sex hormones during the menstrual cycle.

Celec P, Ostaniková D, Skoknová M, Hodosy J, Putz Z, Kúdela M. – Endocr J. 2009 Jun;56(3):521-3.
Alterations in saliva steroid hormone levels after oral mifepristone administration in women with pregnancies of greater than 41 weeks’ gestation.

Fassett MJ, Lachelin GC, McGarrigle HH, Wing DA. – Reprod Sci. 2008 Apr;15(4):394-9.
The impact of developmental conditions on adult salivary estradiol levels: why this differs from progesterone?

Núñez-De La Mora A, Bentley GR, Choudhury OA, Napolitano DA, Chatterton RT. – Am J Hum Biol. 2008 Jan-Feb;20(1):2-14.
Relationship between salivary cortisol and progesterone levels in humans.

Wirth MM, Meier EA, Fredrickson BL, Schultheiss OC. – Biol Psychol. 2007 Jan;74(1):104-7
Patterns of Salivary Estradiol and Progesterone across the Menstrual Cycle.

GANDARA B K, LERESCHE L, MANCL L. – Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007 March; 1098: 446–450.
Effect of raloxifene on salivary sex steroid concentrations in premenopausal women.

Chatterton RT Jr, Zujewski J, Mateo ET, Eng-Wong J, Jordan VC. – J Endocrinol. 2006 Dec;191(3):599-604.
Multicenter evaluation of assays for estradiol and progesterone in saliva.

Sufi SB, Donaldson A, Gandy SC, Jeffcoate SL, Chearskul S, Goh H, Hazra D, Romero C, Wang HZ. – Clin Chem. 1985 Jan;31(1):101-3.
Salivary progesterone: relation to total and non-protein-bound blood levels.

Wang DY, Knyba RE. – J Steroid Biochem 1985;23:975-979.
Salivary estradiol and progesterone levels in conception and nonconception cycles in women: evaluation of a new assay for salivary estradiol.

Lu Y, Bentley GR, Gann PH, Hodges KR, Chatterton RT.
Salivary progesterone concentrations after tubal sterilization.

Sumiala S, Tuominen J, Huhtaniemi I, Maenpaa J. – Obstet Gynecol 1996;88:792-796.
Follicular growth and corpus luteum function in women with unexplained infertility, monitored by ultrasonography and measurement of daily salivary progesterone.

Finn MM, Gosling JP, Tallon DF, Joyce LA, Meehan FP, Fottrell PF. – Gynecol Endocrinol. 1989 Dec;3(4):297-308.
Progesterone in saliva as an index of ovarian function.

Adekunle AO, Kim J B, Collins WP, Whitehead M. – Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1989 Jan;28(1):45-51.
Daily measurements of salivary progesterone reveal a high rate of anovulation in healthy students.

Vuorento T, Lahti A, Hovatta O, Huhtaniemi I. – Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1989;49:395-401.
Saliva levels of estradiol and progesterone in relation to nonprotein-bound concentrations in blood during late pregnancy.

Perry LA, Wathen N, Chard T. – Horm Metab Res. 1987 Sep;19(9):444-7.
170H-progesterone rhythms in congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

Young MC, Robinson JA, Read GF, Riad-Fahmy D, Hughes IA. – Arch Dis Child. 1988 Jun;63(6):617-23.
Salivary progesterone excellently reflects free and total progesterone in plasma during pregnancy.

Meulenberg PM, Hofman JA. – Clin Chem 1989;35:168-172.
Saliva oestriol, oestradiol, oestrone and progesterone levels in pregnancy: spontaneous labour at term is preceded by a rise in the saliva oestriol:progesterone ratio.

Darne J, McGarrigle HH, Lachelin GC. – Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1987 Mar;94(3):227-35.
Comparison of blood spot, salivary and serum progesterone assays in the normal menstrual cycle.

Petsos P, Ratcliffe WA, Heath DF, Anderson DC. – Clin Endocrin 1986;24:31-38.
Comparison of saliva and plasma 17-hydroxyprogesterone timecourse response to hCG administration in normal men.

Nahoul K, Scholler R. – J Steroid Biochem 1987;26:251-257.
Salivary measurement of episodic progesterone release.

O’Rourke MT, Ellison PT. – Am J Phys Anthropol. 1990 Mar;81(3):423-8.
Determination of free progesterone in an ultrafiltrate of saliva collected in situ.

Schramm W, Smith RH, Craig PA, Paek SH, Kuo HH. – Clin Chem 1990;36:1488-1493.
The monitoring of the menstrual status of female athletes by salivary steroid determination and ultrasonography.

De Cree C, Lewin R, Ostyn M. – Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1990;60(6):472-7.
Direct radioimmunoassay of progesterone in saliva.

Lu YC, Chatterton RT, Vogelsong KM, May LK. – J Immunoassay 1997;18:149-163.
24-Hour profiles of salivary progesterone.

Delfs TM, Klein S, Fottrell P, Naether OG, Leidenberger FA, Zimmermann RC. – Fertil Steril 1994;62:960-966.
Maternity blues and major endocrine changes: Cardiff puerperal mood and hormone study II.

Harris B, Lovett L, Newcombe RG, Read GF, Walker R, Riad-Fahmy D. – BMJ 1994 Apr;308:949-953.
Cardiff puerperal mood and hormone study. III. Postnatal depression at 5 to 6 weeks postpartum, and its hormonal correlates across the peripartum period.

Harris B, Lovett L, Smith J, Read G, Walker R, Newcombe R. – Br J Psychiatry. 1996 Jun;168(6):739-44.
Lack of normal increase in saliva estriol/progesterone ratio in women with labor induced at 42 weeks’ gestation.

Moran DJ, McGarrigle HH, Lachelin GC. – Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:1563-1564.
The frequency of salivary progesterone sampling and the diagnosis of luteal phase insufficiency.

Finn MM, Gosling JP, Tallon DF, Baynes S, Meehan FP, Fottrell PF. – Gynecol Endocrinol 1992;6:127-134.
Assessment of bioavailability of oral micronized progesterone using a salivary progesterone enzymeimmunoassay.

Bolaji II, Tallon DF, O’Dwyer E, Fottrell PF. – Gynecol Endocrinol. 1993 Jun;7(2):101-10.
Follicular and luteal phase salivary progesterone profiles in women with endometriosis and infertility.

Wingfield M, O’Herlihy C, Finn MM, Tallon DF, Fottrell PF. – Gynecol Endocrinol. 1994 Mar;8(1):21-5.
Luteal phase defect in habitual abortion: progesterone in saliva.

Tulppala M, Bjorses UM, Stenman UH, Wahlstrom T, Ylikorkala O. – Fertil Steril 1991;56:41-44.
Normative study of age variation in salivary progesterone profiles.

Lipson SF, Ellison PT. – J Biosoc Sci 1992;24:233-244.
Salivary oestradiol and progesterone levels in premenopausal women with breast cancer.

Wang DY, Fantl VE, Habibollahi F, Clark GM, Fentiman IS, Hayward JL, Bulbrook RD. – Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol1986 Apr;22(4):427-33.

Testosterone & Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Salivary testosterone concentrations in prepubertal and pubertal males: comparison with total and free plasma testosterone.

Ohzeki T, Manella B, Gübelin-De Campo C, Zachmann M. – Horm Res. 1991;36(5-6):235-7.
Salivary testosterone: a reliable approach to the diagnosis of male hypogonadism.

Arregger AL, Contreras LN, Tumilasci OR, Aquilano DR, Cardoso EM. – Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007 Nov;67(5):656-62.
The type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor tadalafil influences salivary cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate responses to maximal exercise in healthy men.

DiLuigi L, Baldari C, Sgrò P, Emerenziani GP, Gallotta MC, Bianchini S, Romanelli F, Pigozzi F, Lenzi A, Guidetti L. – J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Sep;93(9):3510-4.
Salivary hormonal responses to resistance exercise in trained and untrained middle-aged men.

Lusa Cadore E, Lhullier FL, Arias Brentano M, Marczwski Da Silva E, Bueno Ambrosini M, Spinelli R, Ferrari Silva R, Martins Kruel LF. – J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2009 Sep;49(3):301-7.
Salivary sex hormones during the menstrual cycle.

Celec P, Ostaniková D, Skoknová M, Hodosy J, Putz Z, Kúdela M. – Endocr J. 2009 Jun;56(3):521-3.
Correlations between serum and salivary hormonal concentrations in response to resistance exercise.

Cadore E, Lhullier F, Brentano M, Silva E, Ambrosini M, Spinelli R, Silva R, Kruel L. – J Sports Sci. 2008 Aug;26(10):1067-72.
Androgen deficiency and defective intracrine processing of dehydroepiandrosterone in salivary glands in Sjögren’s syndrome.

Porola P, Virkki L, Przybyla BD, Laine M, Patterson TA, Pihakari A, Konttinen YT. – J Rheumatol. 2008 Nov;35(11):2229-35.
The effect of anaerobic exercise on salivary cortisol, testosterone and immunoglobulin (A) in boys aged 15-16 years.

Thomas NE, Leyshon A, Hughes MG, Davies B, Graham M, Baker JS. – Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009 Nov;107(4):455-61.
Frontal brain oscillatory coupling among men who vary in salivary testosterone levels.

Miskovic V, Schmidt LA. – Neurosci Lett. 2009 Oct 30;464(3):239-42.
Salivary sex hormone measurement in a national, population-based study of older adults.

Gavrilova N, Lindau ST. – J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2009 Nov;64 Suppl 1:i94-105.
Circadian variation in salivary testosterone across age classes in Ache Amerindian males of Paraguay.

Bribiescas RG, Hill KR. – Am J Hum Biol. 2009 Dec 2
Salivary testosterone, cortisol, and progesterone: two-week stability, interhormone correlations, and effects of time of day, menstrual cycle, and oral contraceptive use on steroid hormone levels.

Liening SH, Stanton SJ, Saini EK, Schultheiss OC. – Physiol Behav. 2010 Jan 12;99(1):8-16.
Testosterone and androstenedione in the saliva of patients with Klinefelter’s Syndrome.

Wellen JJ, Smals AG, Rijken JC, Kloppenborg PW, Benraad TJ. – Clin Endocrinol 1983;18:51-59.
Testosterone concentrations in human seminal plasma and saliva and its correlation with non-protein-bound and total testosterone levels in serum.

Sannikka E, Terho P, Suominen J, Santti R. – Int J Andrology 1983;6:319-330.
Plasma and salivary androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone in women with hyperandrogenism.

Baxendale PM, Jacobs HS, James VH. – Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1983 May;18(5):447-57.
Effect of ketoconazole and other imidazole fungicides on testosterone biosynthesis.

Schurmeyer T, Nieschlag E. – Acta Endocrinol 1984;105:275-280.
Salivary and plasma bound and “free” testosterone in men and women.

Khan-Dawood FS, Choe JK, Dawood MY. – Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;148:441-445.
Direct radioimmunoassay (RIA) of salivary testosterone: correlation with free and total serum testosterone.

Vittek J, L’Hommedieu D, Gordon G, Rappaport S, Southren L. – Life Sciences 1985;37:711-716.
Salivary excretory pattern of testosterone in substitutive therapy with testosterone enanthate.

Navarro MA, Villabona CM, Blanco A, Gomez JM, Bonnin RM, Soler J. – Fertil Steril 1994;61:125-128.
Fathers have lower salivary testosterone levels than unmarried men and married non-fathers in Beijing,

Gray PB, Yang CF, Pope HG Jr. – China. Proc Biol Sci. 2006 Feb 7;273(1584):333-9.
Age related variation of salivary testosterone values in healthy Japanese males.

Uchida A, Bribiescas RG, Ellison PT, Kanamori M, Ando J, Hirose N, Ono Y. – Aging Male. 2006 Dec;9(4):207-13.
Bacteria in the oral mucosa and its effects on the measurement of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone in saliva.

Whembolua GL, Granger DA, Singer S, Kivlighan KT, Marguin JA. – Horm Behav. 2006 Apr;49(4):478-83.
Saliva testosterone time-course response to hCG in adult normal men, comparison with plasma levels.

Nahoul K, Rao LV, Scholler R. – J Steroid Biochem 1986;24:1011-1015.
Sex hormones and cognitive functioning in men.

Christiansen K, Knussmann R. – Neuropsychobiol 1987;18:27-36.
Direct assay for testosterone in saliva: relationship with a direct serum free testosterone assay.

Johnson SG, Joplin GF, Burrin JM. – Clin Chim Acta. 1987 Mar 30;163(3):309-18.
Salivary testosterone in hirsutism:correlations with serum testosterone and the degree of hair growth.

Ruutiainen K, Sannikka E, Santti R, Erkkola R, Adlercreutz H. – J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987;64:1015-1020.
Lack of diurnal variation in plasma levels of androstenedione, testosterone, estrone and estradiol in postmenopausal women.

Lonning PE, Dowsett M, Jacobs S, Schem B, Hardy J, Powles TJ. – J Steroid Biochem. 1989;34(1-6):551-3.
Salivary testosterone measurements: reliability across hours, days and weeks.

Dabbs JM. – Phys Behav 1990;48:83-86.
Salivary testosterone in prostatic carcinoma.

Navarro MA, Aguiló F, Villabona CM, Torrecilla C, Bonnin R. – Br J Urol. 1989 Mar;63(3):306-8.
Menstrual variation in salivary testosterone among regularly cycling women.

Campbell BC, Ellison PT. – Horm Res 1992; 37:132-136.
Status report on measurement of salivary estrogens and androgens.

Read GF. – Ann NY Acad Sci 1993:146-160.
Changes in the salivary testosterone level in aged.

Jinrui H, Itoh N, Nitta T, Kurohata T, Tsukamoto T, Kumamoto Y, Umehara T. – Hinyokika Kiyo. 1994 Sep;40(9):807-11.
Salivary testosterone in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis.

Navarro MA, Nolla JM, Machuca MI, Gonzalez A, Mateo L, Bonnin RM, Roig-Escofet D. – J Rheumatol 1998;25:1059-1062.
A time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for the measurement of testosterone in saliva: monitoring of testosterone replacement therapy with testosterone buciclate.

Tschop M, Behre HM, Nieschlag E, Dressendorfer RA, Strasburger CJ. – Clin Chem Lab Med 1998;36:223-230.
Salivary testosterone determination in studies of child health and development.

Granger DA, Schwartz EB, Booth A, Arentz M. – Horm Behav 1999;35:18-27.
Population variation in age-related decline in male salivary testosterone.

Ellison PT, Bribiescas RG, Bentley GR, Campbell BC, Lipson SF, Panter-Brick C, Hill K. – Hum Reprod. 2002 Dec;17(12):3251-3.
Measurement of steroid levels in saliva in a population-based survey of lifestyle, medical conditions, marriage, sex life and hormone status in aging men: a feasibility study.

Krause W, Mueller U, Mazur A. – Aging Male. 2002 Dec;5(4):203-15.
Quantifying blood leakage into the oral mucosa and its effects on the measurement of cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone in saliva.

Kivlighan KT, Granger DA, Schwartz EB, Nelson V, Curran M, Shirtcliff EA. – Horm Behav. 2004 Jun;46(1):39-46.
Analysis of salivary testosterone by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: correlation with serum bioavailable testosterone and aging.

Sakaguchi K, Hasegawa T. – Rinsho Byori. 2005 May;53(5):388-94.
Age-related differences in serum gonadotropin (FSH and LH), salivary testosterone, and 17-beta estradiol levels among Ache Amerindian males of Paraguay.

Bribiescas RG. – Am J Phys Anthropol. 2005 May;127(1):114-21.
Measurement of salivary testosterone by a simple enzyme immunoassay procedure

Mita K, Matsubara A, Usui T. – Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi. 2005 Sep;96(6):610-6.
Salivary cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEA-S) and testosterone in women with chronic migraine.

Patacchioli FR, Monnazzi P, Simeoni S, De Filippis S, Salvatori E, Coloprisco G, Martelletti P. – J Headache Pain. 2006 Apr;7(2):90-4.
Undetectable salivary testosterone in young women with premature ovarian failure.

Mason A, Wallace AM, Macintyre H, Teoh YP, Bath LE, Critchley HO, Kelnar CJ, Wallace WH, Ahmed SF. – Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Jun;64(6):711-4.
Menstrual cycle irregularities are associated with testosterone levels in healthy premenopausal women.

Van Anders SM, Watson NV. – Am J Hum Biol. 2006 Nov-Dec;18(6):841-4.
Wide variability in laboratory reference values for serum testosterone.

Lazarou S, Reyes-Vallejo L, Morgentaler A. – J Sex Med. 2006 Nov;3(6):1085-9.
Blood contamination in children’s saliva: prevalence, stability, and impact on the measurement of salivary cortisol, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone.

Granger DA, Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA, Hibel LC, Teisl M, Flores E. – Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007 Jul;32(6):724-33.