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The Benefits of Saliva Hormone Testing

The Benefits of Saliva Hormone Testing
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By DiagnosTechs News April 11, 2023

If you could choose, would you rather spit into a tube or have a needle jabbed into your arm to measure your hormone levels? We suspect you would rather not get stuck with a needle, and you do have a choice!

Saliva testing is a clinically accurate and convenient option when testing hormone levels.1-9 Saliva tests offer many benefits, including the fact that they are non-invasive (no needles!).

The hormones present in the saliva are the free hormones that are actively affecting the hormone-sensitive tissues throughout your body. So, salivary hormone levels are a true direct measurement of free hormone levels.10 In contrast, blood hormone levels are either total hormone levels or a calculation based on the total hormone level. Most hormones in the blood are bound to blood proteins and, therefore, inactive.11

It is not as clinically useful to measure total hormone levels in the blood when the functional, bioactive, free hormone levels can be assessed in the saliva instead.

Another benefit of testing hormone levels in the saliva is screening for unintentional exposure to hidden hormones in the environment. While shocking, your patients could be unintentionally exposed to bioidentical hormones, including estrogens, in their personal care products. Usually, if a hormone is added to a product, such as hydrocortisone cream, it is listed on the label. Unfortunately, however, some bioidentical hormones can be present in personal care products without being listed as ingredients on the label.12-14

Correspondence published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology confirms the undisclosed presence of bioidentical estrogens [estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3)] in several commercially available skin moisturizers.15

Salivary hormone testing is the only option to screen for unintentional exposure(s) to topically applied bioidentical hormones because hormones applied to the skin are robustly present in the saliva but only minimally diffuse into the blood. As noted in a study by O’Leary et al., the salivary, but not serum, progesterone level increases after progesterone is applied to the skin.16

Research also shows topically applied hormones do affect hormone-sensitive tissues, regardless of the blood level. A clinical trial conducted by Leonetti et al., confirmed that a topically applied hormone, progesterone in this case, does have a significant effect on internal hormone-sensitive tissues.17 Several additional published observations show a therapeutic effect of transdermal progesterone on the endometrium in the uterus despite very low serum or plasma progesterone levels. These publications confirm the distribution of progesterone when applied to the skin.18,19

Since topically applied hormones can affect hormone-sensitive tissues without reliably increasing the blood (serum) levels of hormones, only salivary hormone testing can provide insight into tissue exposure to bioidentical hormones following topical hormone application.17-19

We see the same phenomenon with the use of hair care products, which are applied to the hair and scalp. The use of hair care products during childhood is significantly associated with the earlier onset of menstrual periods (menarche), and the frequent use of certain hair care products by adults is associated with an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer.20,21

Since topically applied bioidentical hormones do not significantly register in serum testing, and hormones can be hidden in personal care products, salivary hormone testing is the only effective option to screen for and eliminate these potentially hazardous hormone exposures.16 Screening for exposure to exogenous bioidentical hormones is most important for those patients with a personal or family history of hormone-sensitive cancers, such as ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer.

Read this article about Hidden Hormones in Personal Care Products for more information.

In addition to screening for unintentional exposure to hormones, salivary hormone testing can be ordered to assess the underlying cause(s) of:

  • PMS
  • Suboptimal sleep or insomnia
  • Mood concerns, such as anxiety or depression
  • Poor libido
  • Fatigue
  • Cognitive issues
  • Infertility
  • Irregular menstrual cycles
  • Headaches
  • Migraines
  • Digestive complaints
  • Weight gain
  • Menopausal symptoms
  • Hair loss
  • Osteopenia and osteoporosis
  • Many other health concerns

Saliva can be used to test the bioactive, free levels of many steroid hormones, including cortisol, estradiol, estrone, estriol, progesterone, DHEA, testosterone, 17-OH progesterone, androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone. Saliva testing can also be ordered to measure levels of non-steroid hormones, including follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), insulin, and melatonin.

Once the free hormone levels are known, you and your patient can develop a treatment protocol to balance hormones if needed. Salivary hormone testing is also a convenient option when serial testing is needed to assess hormone levels at multiple times during a day or throughout an entire menstrual cycle.

Just as estrogen and progesterone levels significantly shift throughout a menstrual cycle as shown in the graph above, cortisol levels vary throughout the day. The natural cortisol variations are known as a diurnal rhythm, which is a type of circadian rhythm.22 As you can see in the picture below, healthy cortisol levels peak in the morning, upon waking, and are lowest in the evening, before bed.

Salivary cortisol testing allows for the collection of saliva at home in the morning upon waking, which will capture the clinically significant cortisol awakening response (CAR). Saliva testing also allows for the collection of several more specimens throughout the day, whether a patient is at home or at work. It would be quite inconvenient and painful (!!) for a patient to get 4 or more blood draws in one day to assess the health of the circadian rhythm and adrenal glands. Salivary hormone testing is also optimal for monitoring the response to a treatment protocol over time, for example, an adrenal support protocol.

Salivary hormone testing is also ordered routinely to diagnose certain health conditions. The late night salivary cortisol level is ordered by board-certified endocrinologists across the world to diagnose Cushing’s syndrome, since it is included in the Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines.23 Most laboratories that perform blood draws aren’t even open late at night!

Salivary hormone testing allows patients to measure their hormone levels at any time – day or night – in the comfort of their home.

Summary of the Benefits of Saliva Hormone Testing:

  • Convenient
  • Painless
  • Non-invasive
  • Collected at home
  • Hormone levels will not be affected by the stress of a painful blood draw or traffic
  • Can be collected at any time – day or night
  • Saliva contains free, bioactive hormones, so the results reflect hormone activity in the body
  • Clinically accurate
  • Multiple saliva samples can be collected on the same day or throughout a menstrual cycle
  • Diagnosis of health conditions, such as Cushing’s Syndrome
  • Repeat testing can evaluate the response to a hormone-balancing treatment protocol
  • More cost-effective than other testing options
  • Saliva hormone testing is the only option to identify potentially harmful exposure(s) to hidden hormones

More saliva hormone testing references are available at this link.

To test for unintentional exposure to hidden hormones in personal care products, order a Customized Flexi-Matrix Panel that includes progesterone (P1), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), androstenedione (AND), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone (TTF), DHEA & DHEA-S (DHEA), and cortisol (TAP1, TAP2, TAP3, TAP4).

To place a test order, click here. As a reminder, DiagnosTechs can drop ship test kits directly to your patients. You may select this option at the top of the order form.

Please visit our Provider Tools page for more information about hidden hormones and our test panels.

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HIDDEN HORMONES IN PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS

Have you noticed salivary hormone levels trending higher lately? We have certainly noticed this alarming trend in our lab! And we want to let you know we believe it is due to the presence of hidden hormones in personal care products (PCPs). Yes, bioidentical hormones are added to products without being listed as an ingredient. Manufacturers and raw material suppliers are not supposed to add ingredients to products without disclosing them, but; it does occur and seems to be occurring more frequently in recent months, according to our internal data and trends.

References

  1. Deneva T, Ianakiev Y, Boykinova O. Salivary mental stress biomarkers in COVID-19 patients. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:999215. doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.999215
  2. Langelaan MLP, Kisters JMH, Oosterwerff MM, et al. Salivary cortisol in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency: cost efficient and patient friendly. Endocr Connect. 2018;7(4):560-566. doi:10.1530/EC-18-0085
  3. Tammayan M, Jantaratnotai N, Pachimsawat P. Differential responses of salivary cortisol, amylase, and chromogranin A to academic stress. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0256172. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256172
  4. Kobayashi H, Song C, Ikei H, et al. Diurnal Changes in Distribution Characteristics of Salivary Cortisol and Immunoglobulin A Concentrations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(9):987. doi:10.3390/ijerph14090987
  5. Bozovic D, Racic M, Ivkovic N. Salivary cortisol levels as a biological marker of stress reaction. Med Arch. 2013;67(5):374-377. doi:10.5455/medarh.2013.67.374-377
  6. Blair J, Adaway J, Keevil B, et al. Salivary cortisol and cortisone in the clinical setting. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2017;24(3):161-168. doi:10.1097/MED.0000000000000328
  7. Raff H. Utility of salivary cortisol measurements in Cushing’s syndrome and adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(10):3647-3655. doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1166
  8. Mohamed RS, Abuelgasim B, Barker S, et al. Late-night salivary cortisol and cortisone should be the initial screening test for Cushing’s syndrome. Endocr Connect. 2022;11(7):e220050. doi:10.1530/EC-22-0050
  9. Kim YJ, Kim JH, Hong AR, et al. Stimulated Salivary Cortisol as a Noninvasive Diagnostic Tool for Adrenal Insufficiency. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2020;35(3):628-635. doi:10.3803/EnM.2020.707
  10. Miočević O, Cole CR, Laughlin MJ, et al. Quantitative Lateral Flow Assays for Salivary Biomarker Assessment: A Review. Front Public Health. 2017;5:133. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00133
  11. Keevil BG, Adaway J. Assessment of free testosterone concentration. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2019;190:207-211. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.008
  12. Firetag L. Hidden hormones in personal care products. DiagnosTechs, Inc. https://www.diagnostechs.com/2022/09/14/hidden-hormones-in-personal-care-products/. Published September 14, 2022. Accessed February 14, 2023.
  13. Some Moisturizers Contain Estrogen Even Though Ingredients Don’t List It. Some moisturizers contain estrogen even though ingredients don’t list it. https://www.breastcancer.org/research-news/20081217. Published December 17, 2008. Accessed February 14, 2023.
  14. Hormones in personal care products. Breast Cancer Prevention Partners (BCPP). https://www.bcpp.org/resource/hormones-in-personal-care-products/. Published August 18, 2021. Accessed February 14, 2023.
  15. Olson AC, Link JS, Waisman JR, et al. Breast cancer patients unknowingly dosing themselves with estrogen by using topical moisturizers. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(26):e103-e104. doi:10.1200/JCO.2009.23.1225
  16. O’Leary P, Feddema P, Chan K, et al. Salivary, but not serum or urinary levels of progesterone are elevated after topical application of progesterone cream to pre-and postmenopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2000;53(5):615-620. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.01130.x
  17. Leonetti HB, Wilson KJ, Anasti JN. Topical progesterone cream has an antiproliferative effect on estrogen-stimulated endometrium. Fertil Steril. 2003;79(1):221-222. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(02)04542-9
  18. Du JY, Sanchez P, Kim L, et al. Percutaneous progesterone delivery via cream or gel application in postmenopausal women: a randomized cross-over study of progesterone levels in serum, whole blood, saliva, and capillary blood. Menopause. 2013;20(11):1169-1175. doi:10.1097/GME.0b013e31828d39a2
  19. Stanczyk FZ. Treatment of postmenopausal women with topical progesterone creams and gels: are they effective?. Climacteric. 2014;17 Suppl 2:8-11. doi:10.3109/13697137.2014.944496
  20. White AJ, Sandler DP, Gaston SA, et al. Use of hair products in relation to ovarian cancer risk. Carcinogenesis. 2021;42(9):1189-1195. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgab056
  21. James-Todd T, Terry MB, Rich-Edwards J, et al. Childhood hair product use and earlier age at menarche in a racially diverse study population: a pilot study. Ann Epidemiol. 2011;21(6):461-465. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.01.009
  22. Hedge A. Biological Rhythms – Cornell University. Cornell University Ergonomics Web. https://ergo.human.cornell.edu/studentdownloads/DEA3250pdfs/biorhythms.pdf. Published August 2013. Accessed February 13, 2023.
  23. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, et al. The diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(5):1526-1540. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-0125